Let’s dive into the details of Grain v1, an intriguing stream cipher. Grain v1 belongs to a family of hardware-efficient synchronous stream ciphers, specifically designed for profile 2 applications. Here are the key points about Grain v1:
  1. Background:
    • Initially, Grain used an 80-bit key and a 64-bit initialization vector (IV). However, early cryptanalysis during the eSTREAM effort raised security concerns.
    • The revised specification, Grain v1, introduced two versions: one for 80-bit keys (with a 64-bit IV) and another for 128-bit keys (with an 80-bit IV).
  2. Algorithm Features:
    • Grain v1’s elegance lies in its simplicity. It relies on two shift registers:
      • The first register has linear feedback.
      • The second register has non-linear feedback.
    • These registers, along with lightweight boolean functions, generate the keystream.
  3. Cryptanalysis and Variants:
    • Initial cryptanalysis led to the design of Grain v1, which became part of the eSTREAM portfolio.
    • Recent research by Dinur and Shamir resulted in a new variant called Grain 128a, which provides authentication capabilities.
    • Grain 128a retains elegance but sacrifices some speed and space compared to Grain v1.
  4. Performance and Deployment:
    • Hardware performance of all profile-2 eSTREAM candidates, including Grain, was studied.
    • Grain’s suitability depends on the application and message size.
    • Niche, lightweight applications are considering Grain for deployment.
  5. Patent-Free:
    • The designers of Grain assert that it is patent-free.

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